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All material on this page came from the Center for Disease Control
Baylisascaris, an intestinal raccoon roundworm, can infect a variety of other animals, including humans. The worms develop to maturity in the raccoon intestine, where they produce millions of eggs that are passed in the feces. Released eggs take 2-4 weeks to become infective to other animals and humans. The eggs are resistant to most environmental conditions and with adequate moisture, can survive for years.
People become infected when they accidentally ingest infective eggs in soil, water, or on objects that have been contaminated with raccoon feces.
When humans ingest these eggs, they hatch into larvae in the person's intestine and travel throughout the body, affecting the organs and muscles.
Anyone who is exposed to environments where raccoons live is potentially at risk. Young children or developmentally disabled persons are at highest risk for infection when they spend time outdoors and may put contaminated fingers, soil, or objects into their mouths. Hunters, trappers, taxidermists, and wildlife handlers may also be at increased risk if they have contact with raccoons or raccoon habitats.
Fairly common. Infected raccoons have been found throughout the United States, mainly in the Midwest, Northeast, middle Atlantic, and West coast. Infection rarely causes symptoms in raccoons. Predator animals, including dogs, may also become infected by eating a smaller animal that has been infected with Baylisascaris.
Raccoons become infected in one of two ways:
Infection is rarely diagnosed. Fever than 25 cases have been diagnosed and reported in the United States as of 2003. However, it is believed that cases are mistakenly diagnosed as other infections or go undiagnosed. Cases have been reported in Oregon, California, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. Five of the infected persons died.
Symptoms of infection depend on how many eggs are ingested and where in the body the larvae migrate (travel to). Once inside the body, eggs hatch into larvae and cause disease when they travel through the liver, brain, spinal cord, or other organs. Ingesting a few eggs may cause few or no symptoms, while ingesting large numbers of eggs may lead to serious symptoms. Symptoms of infection may take a week or so to develop.
Symptoms include
Other animals (except raccoons) infected with Baylisascaris can develop similar symptoms, or may die as a result of infection.
If you suspect you have been infected, consult your health care provider immediately. Be sure to report that you have recently been exposed to raccoons or their feces.
Infection is difficult to diagnose and often is made by ruling out other infections that cause similar symptoms. Information on diagnosis and testing can be obtained through DPDx or your local health department.
You should clean up very carefully. To eliminate eggs, feces and material contaminated with raccoon feces should be removed and burned, buried, or sent to a landfill. Care should be taken to avoid contaminating hands and clothes. The use of gloves and facemask will help prevent cross contamination. Treat feces-soiled decks, patios, and other surfaces with boiling water. Always wash hands well with soap and running water, to help further reduce possible infection.
Early treatment might reduce serious damage caused by the infection. Should you suspect you may have ingested raccoon feces, seek immediate medical attention.
Raccoon Disease InformationInfected animals may have runny eyes and stagger, tremble, foam at the mouth or snap, according to veterinarians. It can be transmitted by bodily fluids, including urine and feces, and is nearly always fatal, Lange said. Infection is relatively rare in the United States, due to high levels of awareness of the disease and strong preventative measures taken here. Worldwide, dogs are the primary cause of infection, but in the US, our animals are well-vaccinated. Infected raccoons pass baylisascaris eggs in the feces. Other animals and people can get infected if they accidentally swallow the eggs in soil or water. Infected animals may exhibit stupor, paralysis, coma, and convulsions. An infected animal that is typically nocturnal may be observed in the daylight wandering aimlessly. Infected animals can show abnormal activity, can be aggressive, show no fear of humans, and may salivate excessively (?foaming at the mouth?). They may be lethargic or wander aimlessly. Infection of humans can lead to larval parasite migration to the central nervous system. These egg spores can live for years as dry pods. Infectious disease specialists don't wonder whether there will be a new worldwide flu epidemic. They only wonder when it will happen. Infection is rarely diagnosed. Fever than 25 cases have been diagnosed and reported in the United States as of 2003. Infected raccoons shed the roundworm eggs in their fecal matter. Humans also don?t actually need to touch the fecal matter to come into contact with the eggs, as they may be inhaled. Infected animals may be agitated and aggressive, or fearless and lethargic; normally nocturnal animals who are diseased may roam about fearlessly in daytime. Humans who have contracted rabies may first develop symptoms of pain, tingling, or itching shooting from the bite site (or site of virus entry) and gradually will become extremely ill, developing a variety of symptoms, including high fever, confusion, agitation, and eventually seizures and coma. Infected animals may be agitated and aggressive, or fearless and lethargic; normally nocturnal animals who are diseased may roam about fearlessly in daytime. Stay away from any animal that is acting strangely, and report it to animal-control officers. Rabid raccoons are rare, but the disease is fatal without expensive treatment right away. And the disease carries no symptoms until rabies is too late to treat. Rabid animals can be identified by their erratic behavior. They may stumble as if drunk, froth at the mouth, attack inanimate objects and not exhibit a normal fear of humans. Rabies vector species here are bats, skunks and fox. Rabies virus infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately death. Early symptoms of rabies in humans are nonspecific, consisting of fever, headache, and general malaise. Rabies is zoonotic and raccoons can carry rabies (any mammal can). Coons can also be infected with canine or feline distemper. Rabid animals are often very aggressive, actively seeking out and attacking and biting other mammals, including humans. This behavior is known as the "furious" state of the rabies disease. Rabies always needs to be considered in dogs and raccoons that have signs of neurological disease. If there is so much distemper in an area that people assume every sick (wild) animal they find has distemper, there is a risk that the odd (but important) case of rabies may be missed, leading to human exposure. Rabies treatments are only effective if started immediately following exposure. The same procedure should be followed for pets that have been attacked by other animals, even if your pet has had rabies vaccinations. RABIES: Perhaps the most feared and misunderstood disease. Many citizens learned some hard lessons about rabies. Rabies suspect animals, if tested for and proven negative for having rabies, would also be a suspect for B. Rabies isn’t the only problem. Raccoons can also spread roundworms through their feces. Fleas live on the outside of their hosts’ bodies and need to feed on blood in order to produce eggs. Fleas are common on urban raccoons, ticks on wild ones. At this age, they are best picked off with tweezers and dropped into a jar of rubbing alcohol (the tick that is). Fleas, lice, & mites can infest bats, birds, rats, raccoons, squirrels and other animals. If the host animals are removed from their nests or roosts, the parasites look for another host and may wander into the living space of human dwellings potentially transmitting diseases to humans. Fleas, lice, ticks and mites can infest bats, birds, rats, raccoons, squirrels and other animals. If the host animals are removed from their nests or roosts, the parasites look for another host and may wander into the living space of human dwellings potentially transmitting diseases to humans. Roundworm parasites can lead to serious health issues in humans as they affect the central nervous system, and can impair the body's organs, including the brain. The most severe roundworm-related infections can result in vision loss or even comas. Roundworms eggs, (which are microscopic) are usually accidentally ingested and develop in a person's intestine before migrating to other tissue. The exact symptoms of the disease are dependent on the path of the parasite. Distemper disease is often mistaken for rabies in raccoons. Prevention assistance for distemper in wild animals is, again, to vaccinate all our cats and dogs. Distemper can be treated temporarily to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Dehydration will occur and can be treated with IV fluids in a veterinary hospital. Distemper causes encephalitis, or inflation of the brain, in animals. Veterinarians said infected animals might have runny eyes and stagger, tremble, and foam at the mouth or snap. Distemper can also be shed in bodily contaminants such as urine and droppings. If your pet sniffs around any infected urine or droppings, the virus becomes inhaled and begins to replicate. |
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